La técnica de braquiterapia por cálculo dinámico de dosis en tiempo real puede mejorar la cobertura prostática por las isodosis ideales.

Sistemática de Implante

Existen diferentes técnicas de realizar un implante de braquiterapia. La técnica que seguimos es una técnica llamada de braquiterapia por cálculo dinámico de dosis en tiempo real que permite mejorar la cobertura prostática por las isodosis ideales, además de realizar todo el procedimiento (incluida la postplanificación intraoperatoria) en el mismo acto quirúrgico y realizar las correcciones intraoperatorias precisas para evitar zonas sobre o infra dosificadas (81, 82).

La escasa agresividad de la intervención permite que todos los pacientes sean dados de alta a las 6-8 horas tras el implante.

Evolución inmediata tras el implante

La escasa agresividad de la intervención permite que el tratamiento sea ambulatorio y que los pacientes sean dados de alta cuando se recuperan de la anestesia a las 6 horas tras el implante, incorporándose a su vida social y laboral habitual. En nuestra serie que supera los 5.000 intervenciones realizados, no ha habido ninguna complicación intraoperatoria ni en el postoperatorio inmediato.

Es posible permitir a los pacientes tener una relación social normal (38, 83) desde el primer día al no causar daño a ninguna persona que se relacione con ellos.

Efectos tras el implante

Vamos a analizar las alteraciones que pueden presentar los pacientes tras la realización de un implante prostático a nivel urinario, rectal o de la función sexual. También haremos mención a la evolución que sigue el PSA a lo largo de los años tras el tratamiento braquiterápico.

Alteraciones Urinarias

Un tercio de los pacientes no va a presentar clínica tras el tratamiento o esta va a ser mínima. Los otros dos tercios presentarán clínica caracterizada fundamentalmente por aumento de la frecuencia, urgencia urinaria y disminución del calibre miccional, el pico de dicha clínica sucederá entre la segunda y sexta semana después de la intervención. Sólo un tercio de los pacientes que presentan clínica precisarán medicación de forma pautada (alfabloqueantes y antiinflamatorios). La sintomatología mencionada se autolimita en el tiempo (38, 84-87).

Sólo un tercio de los pacientes que presentan clínica precisarán medicación de forma pautada. La sintomatología mencionada se autolimita en el tiempo.

La retención urinaria después de tratamiento en nuestra casuística se presentó en el 2% de los casos y fundamentalmente ocurrió en pacientes con síndrome obstructivo previo importante (38). El problema se solucionó con la colocación de una sonda urinaria durante unas semanas, estando en la actualidad todos los pacientes libres de sonda y orinando con normalidad. En las series publicadas el índice de retenciones oscila entre 2-15% (26, 34). La Braquiterapia no produce incontinencia (26,34, 38).

La hipertrofia prostática benigna tras el implante se suele reducir con el paso del tiempo y no se han detectado crecimiento prostático posterior.

Alteraciones Digestivas

Nuestra técnica de protección rectal transperineal evita posibles alteraciones a nivel rectal, siendo la toxicidad si se emplea dicha técnica nula (26, 34, 38, 88-92).

Hemos desarrollado una técnica de protección rectal, con excelentes resultados que podría llevar a cero el porcentaje de complicaciones rectales.

Video. Técnica propia de protección reactal transperineal para protección de estructuras sanas mediante el uso de ácido hialurónico.

Alteraciones de la función sexual

Después de un tratamiento de braquiterapia, la mayoría de los pacientes observan una disminución del volumen de eyaculación, en un porcentaje pequeño de pacientes no existe disminución de dicho volumen y sólo un 5% pueden presentar orgasmo sin eyaculación.

Algunos pacientes durante un tiempo pueden referir disconfort durante la eyaculación, dicha alteración desaparece en todos los casos con la pérdida de actividad del implante.

La braquiterapia prostática de baja tasa, es el tratamiento curativo del cáncer de próstata que en mayor porcentaje de pacientes preserva la función eréctil. El 90% de los pacientes conservan dicha función en los años siguientes al tratamiento (34, 38, 72, 92).

La braquiterapia prostática de baja tasa, es el tratamiento curativo del cáncer de próstata que preserva la función eréctil en mayor porcentaje de pacientes.

Evolución del PSA

Debemos ser conocedores de una serie de circunstancias que menciono a continuación.

Video. Rescate a Prostatectomía Radical con Braquiterapia de Baja Tasa de dosis

Qué hacer frente a recaída local

El rescate a una recaída local histológicamente constatada de un tratamiento de braquiterapia previó con intención curativa, es posible a través de varias modalidades terapéuticas, y deben llevarse a cabo por especialistas con una amplia experiencia de cara a evitar complicaciones.

Ante una circunstancia de esta índole es especialmente importante evaluar individualmente el caso, de cara a hacer la indicación de tratamiento en el paciente que realmente se vaya a beneficiar del tratamiento.

Las posibilidades de rescate son las que a continuación se enumeran (84-100).

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